Marx decided, instead, to submit his thesis to the more liberal University of Jena, whose faculty awarded him his PhD in April 1841. It was described as 'a daring and original piece of work in which Marx set out to show that theology must yield to the superior wisdom of philosophy': the essay was controversial, particularly among the conservative professors at the University of Berlin. Marx was also engaged in writing his doctoral thesis, The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature, which he completed in 1841. Marx began co-operating with Bruno Bauer on editing Hegel's Philosophy of Religion in 1840. Schmidt see Who's Who in Hell by Warren Allen Smith). Marx once quipped, 'All I know is that I am not a Marxist' (according to Engels in a letter to C. Although Marx was not religious, Bertrand Russell later remarked, 'His belief that there is a cosmic force called Dialectical Materialism which governs human history independently of human volitions, is mere mythology' (Portraits from Memory, 1956). Marx organized the International and helped found the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

His Das Kapital came out in three volumes (1867, 18).

Marx worked as foreign correspondent for several U.S. After the failed revolution of 1848 in Germany, in which Marx participated, he eventually wound up in London. He and Engels founded the Communist League in 1847 and published the Communist Manifesto. After being expelled from France at the urging of the Prussian government, which 'banished' Marx in absentia, Marx studied economics in Brussels. Educated at the Universities of Bonn, Jena, and Berlin, Marx founded the Socialist newspaper Vorwärts! in 1844 in Paris.

His father, born Jewish, converted to Protestantism shortly before Karl's birth in response to a prohibition newly introduced into the Rhineland by the Prussian Kingdom on Jews practicing law. Marx was born in Trier, a city then in the Kingdom of Prussia's Province of the Lower Rhine. (University of Jena, 1841) was a social scientist who was a key contributor to the development of Communist theory.

Marx later political writings